@sukhbir Focusing on pregnancy, there are two important papers to note. The first, which got me very interested in this issue, was a series of pooled case reports by Drs Dror and Allen in 2008. They looked at 30 cases of severe vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy in vegan women as well as in women with pernicious anemia. Among the 30 vegan women who had B12 deficiency during pregnancy, about 60% of their offspring had severe developmental delays and 37% had cerebral atrophy. With repletion, many of the neurologic symptoms in the infants improved right away, but over time, 50% of the infants still had developmental delays even with repletion of B12. Certainly there can be long-standing effects of B12 deficiency. The clinical importance of this is to partner with our patients who are eating plant-based diets and ensure that they have adequate levels of vitamin B12, as well as iron, zinc, and long-chain omega-3 fats during pregnancy.

@durba The biomarkers E-selectin and ICAM-1 were drawn at year 7 of the study, so the participants were, on average, quite young in their adulthood. And we saw the associations with echocardiographic outcomes as late as 23 years later in the case of E-selectin

@bodhi Maternal diabetes complications during pregnancy increased the risk even further (hazard ratio 2.05), versus children of mothers with diabetes but no diabetic complications (HR 1.18), the registry study found. Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of high refractive error in offspring, in particular among those of mothers with diabetic complications

@manisha The findings suggest that an increased volume of aerobic or combined aerobic and resistance exercise is associated with greater improvement in glycemic control. In addition, the results support aerobic and combined exercise prescriptions outlined in clinical practice guidelines.

@kevin Alterations in the left orbitofrontal cortex, as can occur with lesions, result in increased insula volume, a finding that is nonspecific and seen in all eating disorders. Increased gray matter gyrus rectus volume specifically correlates with increased weight gain and an exaggerated response to sucrose pleasantness ratings in general. Reduced white matter in the medial temporal lobe, as well as in the parietal lobe, may also be associated with binge eating disorder (BED). Overvaluation of body weight and a specific focus that one is overweight can begin in childhood; this may account for the internalization of weight bias and may be a belief that is modeled between caregivers and children and that continues into adolescence and young adulthood.

@anup There's no cure for Tourette syndrome. Treatment is aimed at controlling tics that interfere with everyday activities and functioning. When tics aren't severe, treatment might not be necessary. Medications to help control tics or reduce symptoms of related conditions include:
Medications that block or lessen dopamine. Fluphenazine, haloperidol (Haldol), risperidone (Risperdal) and pimozide (Orap) can help control tics. Possible side effects include weight gain and involuntary repetitive movements. Tetrabenazine (Xenazine) might be recommended, although it may cause severe depression.
Botulinum (Botox) injections. An injection into the affected muscle might help relieve a simple or vocal tic.
ADHD medications. Stimulants such as methylphenidate (Metadate CD, Ritalin LA, others) and medications containing dextroamphetamine (Adderall XR, Dexedrine, others) can help increase attention and concentration. However, for some people with Tourette syndrome, medications for ADHD can exacerbate tics.

@awanish The most effective treatment for polyuria is aimed at the underlying cause. For example, lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus could potentially be treated by discontinuing the lithium.7 Polyuria caused by diabetes mellitus is likely to be improved once the patient's blood glucose levels are under control. Polyuria that cannot be corrected by treating the underlying cause is often treated with one of several medications that come from many different classes. One hallmark of polyuria is the diluted nature of the urine produced—it's composed of more water than urine. Some treatments for polyuria include giving a type of diuretic, which usually increases urine output because it improves the way urine is processed in the kidneys.

Hello, I am 41 years old and a type 1 diabetic patient. I am on insulin. Fasting during Ramadan, a holy month of Islam, is an obligatory duty for all healthy adult Muslims. Ramadan is a lunar-based month, and its duration varies between 29 and 30 days. Its timing changes with respect to seasons. Most people consume two meals per day during this month, one after sunset and the other before dawn. As I am diabetic, can I keep fast? Will there be any potential risk?

Hello, I am 51 years old man. I am suffering from diabetes for 3 months. I am on hypoglycemic medication. Nowadays I am getting numbness and tingling pain in my finger. I am a writer, initially I thought that due to writing for long time I am feeling such pain. But even if I am not writing, I am getting that tingling pain. My friend has suggested me to take vitamin B12 supplement. Will it be good for me?

Hi, I am 42 years old. I was a chain smoker. But I realized that my lungs capacity is decreasing day by day. I have decided to quit smoking. However I have no medical history of illness. I am getting persistent cough in the morning. My family members are upset on me due to my smoking habit. I want to quit smoking, but don't know how to initiate. To stop smoking, what are all the things I need to address or how to increase my determination? Please help me with your valuable suggestion.