@koushin It has been shown previously that Parkinson's is associated with increased vascular disease in the brain. It could be that we are observing the same changes in the vasculature in the retina. We have seen similar changes in the retinal blood vessels in Alzheimer's but there is more retinal thinning in Alzheimer's disease

@shipra While previous investigations determined that the MIND diet is associated with a slower cognitive decline, the current study furthered the diet and brain health evidence by assessing the impact of brain pathology in the diet-cognition relationship

Cesarean delivery is defined as the delivery of a fetus through surgical incisions made through the abdominal wall (laparotomy) and the uterine wall (hysterotomy). Because the words "cesarean" and "section" are both derived from verbs that mean to cut, the phrase "cesarean section" is a tautology. Consequently, the terms "cesarean delivery" and "cesarean birth" are preferable. Cesarean deliveries were initially performed to separate the mother and the fetus in an attempt to save the fetus of a moribund patient. This operation subsequently developed into a surgical procedure to resolve maternal or fetal complications not amenable to vaginal delivery, either for mechanical limitations or to temporize delivery for maternal or fetal benefit.

@mala Dr Yu, from the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, and colleagues used linked national registers to conduct a population-based cohort study of individuals born from January 1, 1973, through December 31, 2004 (in Denmark), or December 31, 2006 (in Sweden). They studied the brothers and sisters of children who died after the first 6 months of life. The authors excluded 14 children who died within 30 days from the same cause as their siblings, on the likelihood that both children may have been involved in the same accident.

Our muscles and fat cells aren't silent bystanders that bulk up or break down in an endless tug of war between food and exercise. They make messenger chemicals that go to parts of the body both near and far. They can turn on and off thousands of genes, raise or lower inflammation, and rev up or slow down metabolism. Physical activity does much more than just strengthen muscles. Moving your body prevents blood vessels from getting damaged and clogged. That helps prevent heart attacks, strokes, and even some types of dementia.

Children with allergies to cow's milk and other foods may be at an increased risk for iron deficiency and anemia, suggesting that children with food allergies likely require increased nutritional counseling and monitoring to ensure that essential nutrient requirements are being met, according to a recent study in the Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The study also found that the elimination of cow's milk from the diet of children with allergies does not seem to negatively affect vitamin D levels, a finding likely explained by the reliance on oral vitamin D supplements and widely available milk alternatives and foods fortified with vitamin D.

Treatment of amblyopia is more effective in younger vs older children, according to the results of a meta-analysis of randomized trials reported Online First July 11 in the Archives of Ophthalmology. A research letter in the July issue of the same journal states that an intensive final treatment push with patching and atropine, compared with gradual discontinuation of treatment, did not improve visual acuity in children with mild residual amblyopia.

@monami-s These findings add to growing evidence of an association between ultra-processed food and adverse health outcomes that has important implications for dietary advice and food policies.

@shiladitya Epinephrine is essential for stopping life-threatening allergic reactions, yet patients often don't carry their autoinjectors and many hesitate to use them. "It's needle phobia," said ARS Pharmaceuticals CEO Richard Lowenthal in an interview with Medscape Medical News. "They're afraid to use it. They don't like to inject their children, so they hesitate." Both nasal sprays reached maximal plasma concentration in 20-30 minutes. ARS Pharmaceuticals compared its intranasal product (Neffy 1 mg) against manual intramuscular injection (0.3 mg) and two autoinjectors (EpiPen 0.3 mg and Symjepi 0.3 mg) by analyzing data from multiple randomized crossover Phase 1 studies examining pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in 175 healthy adults. In this integrated analysis, EpiPen was fastest (20 minutes) at reaching maximal concentration (Tmax), followed by Symjepi and Neffy (both 30 minutes) and epinephrine 0.3 mg IM (45 minutes). In a human factors analysis, ARS Pharmaceuticals reported that untrained participants were able to administer the Neffy spray to themselves or another participant safely and effectively during a simulated emergency scenario.

@mala Communication pathways between gut bacteria and neurologic function (referred to as the 'gut-brain axis') have emerged as a novel area of research into potential mechanisms regulating brain health through immunologic, metabolic, and endocrine pathways. A number of studies have shown associations between gut microbial measures and neurological outcomes, including cognitive function and dementia, but mechanisms underlying these associations have not been fully established.